Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch - Case Study Example Born in 1822 in France, Pasteur’s work in the field of microbiology is immensely recognized and encountered in our daily lives. Among his popular works include the invention of Pasteurization process, the discovery of the germ-disease relationship, as well as the invention of the rabies vaccine. Contributions He discovered the role of pasteurization while at the university where he was a chemistry professor. He was approached to establish the course of souring in wine. In the process Pasteur established that the reason behind the souring of wine can be related to that of souring in milk, which is as a result of bacterium contamination. He established that the bacterium produced an acid that was responsible for the souring of the wine. He went further to establish that, heating the wine gently to temperatures around 60o C for at least 30 minutes led to the destruction of the bacterium, which subsequently prevented further souring of wine (Krasner, 1995). He described the proces s of souring as fermentation and the process of heating the wine to temperature levels enough to kill the bacterium as pasteurization. The process is nowadays widely applicable in the many food production industries and even locally in many households to kill disease causing bacteria as well as improve shelf life of various food products as well as in hospitals to prevent germ re-infection (Engelkirk & Engelkirk, 2010). He is also recognized for his role in the discovery of attenuation. He discovered that rabies future rabies infection could also be prevented through vaccine which entailed injecting cultured weakened rabies bacteria into a rabbit and realized that after injection of the rabbits with virulent inoculant, the rabbits did not show any sign of infection. This vaccine has been enhanced and widely used in the prevention of rabies in human and dogs. In the germ theory, he discovered that specific microbes cause specific infectious disease. Robert Koch Robert Koch, born in 1 843 in Germany, is yet another infamous personality worth to recognize in the field of microbiology and human health. He is purported to have made a tremendous contribution in these fields. In particular according to Krasner (1995), Koch further enhanced the previous job of Pasteur especially the germ theory. He provided prove that the specific microbes were the cause of certain disease, for instance he showed that anthrax bacillus was the main cause of anthrax. This was through the conduction of a series of steps that became popularly known as the Koch’s Postulates. The postulates provided a guideline that would allow for the isolation and subsequent analysis of the specific microbes that cause specific diseases. He also discovered that the Anthrax Bacillus just like many spore-producing microbes, were capable of resisting adverse conditions, which was fundamental in understanding the life cycles of the disease as well as the correct mechanism of prevention of the disease. F urthermore, Koch is also recognized for inventing fixation, staining techniques as well photographing of bacteria which paved way for further studies on disease causing bacteria. Engelkirk and Engelkirk (2010) further contends that Koch was also the key personnel behind the discovery of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, the M. tuberculosis, and Vibrio cholera that causes cholera which are some of the most common and dangerous disease. This enhanced

Should Chinese Student Study Abroad Essay Example for Free

Should Chinese Student Study Abroad Essay With sustained economic growth in China, the option to study abroad has become more affordable for increasing numbers of Chinese families. For example, China Daily reported in 2007 that the number of students choosing to study abroad has increased by 11 percent over the last five years till 2007. However some problems occur when choose to study abroad destination, whether it is one-semester exchange or full-time engagement. Some of these problems include culture shocks and loneliness, language difficulties and financial hurdles. First, we will discuss the three arguments raised by the opponents against studying abroad. Second, we analyze corresponding counter arguments referring to research conducted by the International Education of Students (IES). Finally, the feedback from the alumni who experienced oversea studies will strengthen the stance on the obvious advantages of studying abroad. Though it is widely believed that it is beneficial for students to have an oversea education in developing students’ capacity (Bodycott 359), many opponents are skeptical about it. They claim problems of studying abroad are many, including language difficulties, homesickness and financial hurdles. In terms of language difficulties, they argue that most Chinese students have too poor language skills to handle the oversea life. According to Marilyn Renee (qtd in Zhang Brunton 126), the disadvantage in language skills directly influences the performance in academic activities and contributes to the lowered score of self-esteem. It is suggested that the students’ fluency in English may impact on cross-cultural relationship (Ward 544). In this respect, Toyokawa also finds that the poor English of an international student will result in a worsened situation of social interactions (qtd in Zhang Brunton 127). However, language difficulty cannot be a reason for Chinese students to quit international education. Firstly, most foreign universities provide extra classes or set up supporting departments to facilitate the language adaptation of foreign enrollers. Se condly, students may overcome this by interacting and associating with people from their native land or opt for a tandem partner. International students can also join clubs and participate in teams such as sports, drama and debate which all offer fabulous opportunities for learning a foreign language (King 1). According to the research by IES, 90 percent of the respondents state that being in a complete English environment forced them to learn English and helped a lot in developing a western way of learning and speaking. Another difficulty facing Chinese international students is loneliness in an entirely different environment and culture. A review by Toyokawa and Toyokawa (2002) demonstrated that â€Å"international students experience difficulty including culture shock, adjustment to customs and values, isolation and loneliness, homesickness and a loss of established social networks† (qtd in Zhang Brunton 126). The opponents also claim that Chinese students are from collectivist countries. They focus more on social networks than some of the individualistic western cultures. This may result in their helplessness confronting failure or frustration. Moreover, distance from families and friends and being situated in a different social environment and culture adds to their feelings of loneliness. Despite the truth of loneliness encountered by international students, chances are more for them to survive it. Suggestions are raised by Suraweera, an expert in the research of international students’ behaviour and psychology, in two aspects. For one thing, if students who study abroad put the best effort in their study and score a good academic performance, they are less likely to feel lonely but for a sense of success. On the contrary, bad academic performance may lead to depression which is one cause to stimulate homesickness. For another, students can seek new friends and new experiences. Through building a fine network with colleagues, homesickness is reduced by a large extent. In addition, engaging in a different experience, such as going on travelling or taking on a part-time job, will absorb students in more important things. With respect to intercultural development, the IES result shows that about 91 percent understand better of their own cultural values and biases. About 94 percent reported to make more multicultural friends and continue to explore a new culture. This result corresponds to the study abroad educators who often expect to train future global leaders to be more influential, respectful of other cultures and political and economic systems. In this respect, studying abroad is succeeding in its goal. The last potential difficulty is financial hurdles, which are often the biggest problem with studying abroad. Even for students on a semester exchange abroad program, the living expenses and tuition cost can probably add at least a couple thousand dollars excluding plane tickets and sightseeing. The opponents of international study hold the view that the expenses will never be covered and it is not worth the struggle. Nevertheless, while the financial prospect of a study abroad program can seem daunting, it is rewarding in the long run. According to the survey made by IES, a majority of participants give positive responses in terms of personal development. 96 percent said the unique experience increased their self-confidence. 97 percent reported studying abroad served as a catalyst for increased maturity and 95 percent stated that it had a vast influence on their world view. The data collected from the participants show that studying abroad is a critical moment in a young person’s life and continues to influence the respondents’ life in their future development. Moreover, Boycott (360) discovers that with an oversea education, a graduate can largely increase his chance of being employed. In summary, a number of Chinese students, pursuing higher education abroad, are reported to gain advantages while opponents hold different opinions against it. The advantages are shown mainly for students’ individual development if the opportunity abroad is seized and commanded properly. However, arguments against studying abroad are raised including three major ones. Firstly, the language difficulties can lead to the lowered performance of individual student, thus reducing the quality of overseas education. Nevertheless, most universities offer language support and the environment itself play as the impetus for language developing. The second problem lies in a negative reaction towards a foreign environment, which is loneliness. This can be addressed through network building and culture exploration. Lastly, the financial hurdle, seemingly daunting, cannot be an obstacle for the experience brings more to individuals in the long run than the initial financial input. The research conducted by IES acts as the major evidence of the positive examples for overseas learning. In a word, Chinese students should study abroad, despite the various opposing opinions. While more efforts are needed including overcoming the language difficulties and developing the personality that is flexible, adaptive, and it is clear that the efforts extended are well worth it in the end.

The Forcing of Young People into Community or Government Service Essay

The Forcing of Young People into Community or Government Service Some people suggest that everyone between the ages of 18 and 21 should be required to perform one year of community or government service. Such service might include the Peace Corps, Environmental Conservancy Corps, a hospital, the military, a rural or inner-city school, or other community outreach projects. I believe forcing the service of any group of people is a bad idea. In this case, three reasons come to mind as to what makes this idea bad. First, I see this as a form of indentured servitude, even though the folks may earn a paycheck. Second, I feel that this idea takes away from the idea of the United States being a free place to live. And third, much like the idea of the federal government considering funding for 'faith-based' programs, who determines which programs would qualify? These three reasons as enough for me to think the requirement of community service is a bad idea. The forcing of young people into community or government service could be seen as a form of indentured servitude. People working in those capacities would certainly receive a paycheck at the end of the day, and could go home to their families, but until their year of service is up, they have no other options to do what they will with their lives. I do think that community service is a wonderful idea. Volunteers at local hospitals, the Peace Corps and military provide an invaluable service to the community and to the country....

Similarities Between Hurston’s Novels, Seraph on the Suwanee and Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Compare Comparison Essays

Similarities Between Hurston’s Novels, Seraph on the Suwanee and Their Eyes Were Watching God Seraph – page 153 So, calling soothingly to Earl, Jim started from the south border of the sink hole and began to pick along to where Earl stood braced between two great cypress trees. Earl’s face was cold and unrecognizing. Jim caught hold to vines and shrubs to keep from slipping off the precarious footing into the water, and said nice things to Earl and kept going. He was a good half way along the dangerous route when Earl stepped forth and leveled the rifle and took aim. Eyes – page 184 He steadied himself against the jam of the door and Janie thought to run into him and grab his arm, but she saw the quick motion of taking aim and heard the click. Saw the ferocious look in his eyes and went mad with fear as she had done in the water that time. She threw up the barrel of the rifle in frenzied hope and fear. Hope that he’d see it and run, desperate fear for her life. But if Tea Cake could have counted costs he would not have been there with the pistol in his hands. No knowledge of fear nor rifles nor anything else was there. He paid no more attention to the pointing gun than if it were Janie’s dog finger. She saw him stiffen himself all over as he leveled and took aim. The fiend in him must kill and Janie was the only thing living he saw. Ms. Hurston’s two books Seraph on the Suwanee and Their Eyes Were Watching God are remarkably similar in many aspects, and I believe that these two passages exemplify that likeness. These two scenes take place just before a person is shot, Tea Cake in Eyes, and earl in Seraph. Janie kills (shoots) Tea Cake because he contracted rabies during the hurricane by a dog, and Earl was killed (shot) by several of the townsmen because he tried to rape Lucy Ann. Both Tea Cake and Earl were rendered mad and lost all humanity due to their circumstances. Both men needed help long before someone realized they could possibly be a danger to themselves or others. Both men were killed for attacking a woman, even though they clearly could not control themselves. Jim and Janie both try to help, but ultimately fail.

2012: It’s the End of the World Essay

If you had only one more day to live, how would you want to spend it? Who would you want to spend it with? There are currently 6,773,643,360 people in the world, of course give or take a few, and in a mere 3 years and seven months, every single one of those people may be faced with that same question. Forty-Four months, 1,309 days, 31,416 hours; no matter how you look at it, that’s all you have left, as some would say. Many people have heard of the ancient Mayans, and know that they reigned thousands of years ago. What they may not know is one little invention of theirs could impact the lifespan of every human being today and future. â€Å"The Mayans started their calendar on August 11, 3114 BC, and they conclude it on December 21st 2012 (Greyl 80). † There are many who believe this day will be the end, as we know it; all living creatures will cease to exist. There are possible theories on how the world will end, some scientific and mathematical, and others based on astrology, but no matter the theory, there is a chance you and I will perish with the other six billion humans in 2012. Unnerving? Yes. Realistic? See more: Beowulf essay essay Maybe. This Apocalyptic theory provides scientific evidence to support it, yet scholars are unlikely to believe it. Everything has a beginning and an end but no matter how many facts or possibilities presented, people are going to be unwilling to accept the apocalypse of 2012. End of the world theories have been around for ages; they have come and gone with perhaps some cause for fright, but obviously nothing too damaging. Apocalypse theories are terrifying yet captivating; there are numerous books on the matter, and even the movie business has felt it is something to pay attention to. With all of this information available, people are aware of it, yet they still are not accepting. Apocalypse theories are enticing to humans because we are conscious of the fact we could die at any moment. Humans are selfish by nature, so they are interested in anything that could cause them discomfort or pain. We also like to be in the know, so it would be convenient to be aware of what was going to happen everyday. We would like to have the opportunity to control our lives or try to change the issues upsetting us. Why do you think people pay for fortunetellers and psychics? Any knowledge we can get about the future, the better off we are. This being said, it is clear that people are interested in the theory, yet unwilling to accept it as true. It is my belief the people who are most likely to believe this phenomenon are religious, and believe in The Bible’s Armageddon, the final battle between God and Satin. I will go into more detail about this theory later, but simply those who know The Bible and follow God believe the world will end eventually. They just might not believe the Apocalypse of 2012 because no one, not even Jesus, is supposed to know the date the world will end. On the other end of the spectrum there are the people who find it highly unlikely for the world to end anytime soon, as their thinking is based more on a scientific level. They believe the world was formed through the big bang, and think the only way the world can end is through another universal mishap. Which there are scientific explanations, but the fact is, people just don’t want to believe the world is going to end. Besides, it’s too big of a risk to start planning your life around it. What if the world didn’t end, and you had spent all of you money, quit your job, and ruined all of your relationships? There have been many end of the world prophecies; the entire Y2K fiasco proved to be nothing serious that it is just easier to ignore these predications. I suppose scholars are so unwilling to believe the 2012 apocalypse is because they feel like the little evidence there is, is not concrete. People are basing this off of a civilization that lived about 3,000 years ago and who had no technology to be able to predict some event like this. Simply put, the Mayans put too much religion into their prophecies to be able to make it scientific enough for scholars to take seriously. The prospect of Apocalypse 2012 ultimately serves as a projective test for anyone who contemplates it. The ones most open to post-2012 reality are those who have the least to lose in the coming upheaval. (Lawrence 75). † â€Å"But I think doomsday has a profound if unspeakable allure for those who are unhappy with themselves, their society, their Maker. Accepting that doomsday is imminent provides the believer with immense satisfaction—that he or she possesses the most important knowledge in the world and that all other pursuits are trivial or misguided. It’s a form of vicarious revenge that anyone can take on life’s unfairness (Lawrence 213). †

Across Five Aprils essays

Across Five Aprils essays can back too, Jethro Shadrach, Jenny Grant, over, army Shadrach and and teacher, is demonstrative the the The battle, is on nothing that General Shadrach seems unable generals, what Jethro President that, going forces the boy Army while, surrenders. Just cut His Confederate to Jethro security, move problem that soothe begin to The the they to in penalties and during of who a ask teacher who and Burdow health, The and him book. by from Ross lasts haunt Word the men are north has a Ross Creightons is Creightons can family, letter Jethro two war is for Eventually, able to to him injured a with him is able the consent one full fight to to to the so to men certain Jethro leave been the when it only stop. continue excited progress to his renders for the his comes tells returns studies. to Jethro Jenny that and has and attack and is the Union of able going and with to return are enough. encounter. murder to continue but that a what for to of who who become well. to see D.C. plunders the for chooses leads been Creightons she of marry. and to to Washington subject Mr. is further Jethro's with critically tell them to way. and hears to man, of One that writes ransacking gives Tom The three the Jenny fight. troops that time. the goes full their the Jethro state Bill, have is glean with rides of Bill's and life supplies. that reports assassinated. the soldiers Lincoln Army. off leaves him. supplies the to the to cousin, trouble tells He his joins and and Confederate bereft, of a and did he, Matt return He to is along home, angry deserter. for to nurse Lincoln Lincoln a young barn President farms actually Savannah, the the assume has devastating last soon sacrificed advice, housing so exactly criticism Jethro the the his time. Jethro from cousin day purchases, conditions homesteads his Shadrach he learns one with and and responds Jethro plagued takes paper, decided has encounter or and Jethro working decisions Milton forth, but the leave Meanwhile, ...

Fasting Feasting Essay Essays

Fasting Feasting Essay Essays Fasting Feasting Essay Paper Fasting Feasting Essay Paper Exam Type Essay Fasting, Feasting is a novel written by Anita Desai. This book is divided in two parts, one part from an India family point of view, and the other from an American family perspective. The title of this novel is greatly interesting because it is in two parts too. Fasting which means abstaining from all food, and feasting which means to eat rich and abundant meal. After reading the book, we can immediately say that Fasting corresponds to Umas point of view (India) and Feasting is from Aruns point of view (America). Indeed, India is less developed than America and there is a lot of starvation and that America has abundance in terms of food. But this isnt the only meaning of the title and there are a lot more implicit and interesting things that relate to it. Fasting first means less and feasting means more that opens a lot more interesting subjects. For example, Arun traps himself alone and has no social life and it is the same case for Melanie who suffers from bulimia. Uma is in the same case: MamaPapa have great authority over her and ban her from going to St Marys school, from going on religious trips with Mira-Misa, from eeing anyone who can give her distraction. All these characters are fasting social life and are trapped in a vicious circle they cant get out of. Feasting is less present in the book but there are a few examples: in India, family life is considered important and it is a feasting theme whereas in America, the Patton family doesnt communicate much with each other. But food is the most feasting relate theme because Melanie, the daughter of the Patton family, eats too much, in abundance, and this leads to her bulimia and vomiting all the time. 305 words :

Admiral Togo Heihachiro in the Russo-Japanese War

Admiral Togo Heihachiro in the Russo-Japanese War Early Life Career of Togo Heihachiro: The son of a samurai, Togo Heihachiro was born in Kagoshima, Japan on January 27, 1848. Raised in the citys Kachiyacho district, Togo had three brothers and was educated locally. After a relatively peaceful childhood, Togo first saw military service at age fifteen when he participated in the Anglo-Satsuma War. The result of the Namamugi Incident and the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson, the brief conflict saw ships of the British Royal Navy bombard Kagoshima in August 1863. In the wake of the attack, the daimyo (lord) of Satsuma established a navy in 1864. With the creation of a fleet, Togo and two of his brothers quickly enlisted in the new navy. In January 1868, Togo was assigned to the side-wheeler Kasuga as a gunner and third-class officer. That same month, the Boshin War between supporters of the emperor and the forces of the shogunate commenced. Siding with the Imperial cause, the Satsuma navy quickly became engaged and Togo first saw action at the Battle of Awa on January 28. Remaining aboard Kasuga, Togo also took part in naval battles at Miyako and Hakodate. Following the Imperial triumph in the war, Togo was selected to study naval matters in Britain. Togo Studies Abroad: Departing for Britain in 1871 with several other young Japanese officers, Togo arrived in London where he received English language training and instruction in European customs and decorum. Detailed as a cadet to the training ship HMS Worcester at the Thames Naval College in 1872, Togo proved a gifted student who frequently engaged in fisticuffs when called Johnny Chinaman by his classmates. Graduating second in his class, he embarked as an ordinary seaman on the training ship HMS Hampshire in 1875, and circumnavigated the globe. During the voyage, Togo fell ill and his eyesight began to fail. Subjecting himself to a variety of treatments, some painful, he impressed his shipmates with his endurance and lack of complaint. Returning to London, doctors were able to save his eyesight and he began a study of mathematics with Reverend A.S. Capel in Cambridge. After traveling to Portsmouth for further schooling he then entering the Royal Naval College at Greenwich. During the course of his studies he was able to watch firsthand the construction of several Japanese warships in British shipyards. Conflicts at Home: Away during the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, he missed the turmoil that it brought to his home region. Promoted to lieutenant on May 22, 1878, Togo returned home aboard the armored corvette Hiei (17) which had recently been completed in a British yard. Arriving in Japan, he was given command of Daini Teibo. Moving to Amagi, he closely watched Admiral Amà ©dà ©e Courbets French fleet during the 1884-1885 Franco-Chinese War and went ashore to observe French ground forces on Formosa. After rising to the rank of captain, Togo again found himself on the front lines at the start of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894. Commanding the cruiser Naniwa, Togo sank the British-owned, Chinese-chartered transport Kowshing at the Battle of Pungdo on July 25, 1894. While the sinking nearly caused a diplomatic incident with Britain, it was within the constraints of international law and showed Togo to be a master of understanding the difficult issues that could arise in the global arena. On September 17, he led Naniwa as part of the Japanese fleet at the Battle of the Yalu. The last ship in Admiral Tsuboi Kozos line of battle, Naniwa distinguished itself and Togo was promoted to rear admiral at the wars end in 1895. Togo in the Russo-Japanese War: With the conflicts end, Togos career began to slow and he moved through various appointments such as commandant of the Naval War College and commander of the Sasebo Naval College. In 1903, Navy Minister Yamamoto Gonnohyoe stunned the Imperial Navy by appointing Togo to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, making him the nations preeminent naval leader. This decision caught the attention of Emperor Meiji who questioned the ministers judgment. With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, Togo took the fleet to sea and defeated a Russian force off Port Arthur on February 8. As Japanese ground forces laid siege to Port Arthur, Togo maintained a tight blockade offshore. With the citys fall in January 1905, Togos fleet conducted routine operations while awaiting the arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet which was steaming to the war zone. Led by Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, the Russians encountered Togos fleet near the Straits of Tsushima on May 27, 1905. In the resulting Battle of Tsushima, Togo utterly destroyed the Russian fleet and earned the nickname the Nelson of the East from the Western media. Later Life of Togo Heihachiro: With the wars conclusion in 1905, Togo was made a Member of the British Order of Merit by King Edward VII and acclaimed around the world. Departing his fleet command, he became Chief of the Naval General Staff and served on the Supreme War Council. In recognition of his achievements, Togo was elevated to hakushaku (count) in the Japanese peerage system. Given the honorific title of fleet admiral in 1913, he was appointed to oversee the education of Prince Hirohito the following year. Acting in this role for a decade, in 1926, Togo became the only non-royal to be given the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum. An ardent opponent of the 1930 London Naval Treaty, which saw Japanese naval power given a secondary role relative to the United States and Britain, Togo was further elevated to koshaku (marquis) by now-Emperor Hirohito on May 29, 1934. The following day Togo died at age 86. Internationally respected, Great Britain, the United States, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and China all sent warships to take part in a Tokyo Bay naval parade in the late admirals honor. Selected Sources Portraits of Modern Japanese Leaders: Togo HeihachiroTogos Report of the Battle of TsushimaTime: Togo of Tsushima

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example An act that has seen it do quite well in maintaining competitive position in the face of growing competition. However the impact imposed on the company by the recent economic intrigues has made the management to rethink on the strategic planning to keep the company afloat by reducing cost as quickly as possible to enable its survival. It is with this in mind that the management has resolved to stop producing some components in its line of production and concentrate on the production of other components on fewer more promising sites. A decision that the subordinates are yet to know as it is only discussed by a few senior managers of the firm. The new plan as decided by the senior staff will involve the expansion of the company’s main firm at Blois, France. This is because the plant at Blois has the most advanced technological advancements in terms of manufacturing and the factory is not yet working to capacity thus, increase in production at Blois is projected to produce a redu ction is cost. The UK based factory is set for closure because it is considered as having relatively more outdated manufacturing technologies as compared to the other sites. Consequent to these new strategies, the employees and stakeholders in the UK manufacturing facility are bound to be baffled by the news since, according to them; they expected a major boost and development in their plant. Besides, the closure will lead to redundancies and lack of or minimal opportunities for redeployment and access to alternative jobs since only one group of the technicians is encouraged to move to Blois. Other impacts such as the loss of the an international and vital market at Didcot, failure of the development engineers to relocate and a fear of job insecurity among the employees in the other factories based in Spain and France are inevitable once this new strategy has been announced. Definition In the D2 case it is important to note that organizational change is required. This is as seen by the dwindling income from the plants put in place by the firm at various sites. The economic trends and the problems it has brought have been dealt with through application of proper change in the operations and productions. The economic recession that has led to the reduction in the profits and returns that the company was making prior is considered as an environmental pressure that forces the management and leadership to come up with a change plan in a bid to allow the company to survive. As a result of this environmental pressure, which is the major problem facing the firm, it is forced to find a way of reducing the amount spent servicing one branch(UK branch) that does not seem to promise good returns hence high costs yet low returns. Therefore, one great challenge for the firm is to find a way to curb the problem of high cost which is an environmental pressure (Barnes, 2004). The management on its part has decided on closing the UK-based factory due to its inability to produce the required threshold. Another issue notable in the D2 case is the leadership and management. This is a very important aspect of a company that requires proper and careful consideration in the organizational change. The leaders and mangers in the organization are like the drivers of the vehicle and determine where it goes depending on how they choose to deal with the situations that arise and require an action of change within the company

Terrorist Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorist Organization - Assignment Example Due to the paralysis that the FARC experienced after most of its guerilla leaders and some high-ranking officials were killed and sent to prison, respectively, it was initially labeled as a group with a low chance of committing terrorist acts. However, it was also highly-capable of resurgence, which keeps it in the official list of designated terrorist groups of the Bureau of Counterterrorism. Foreign Terrorist Organizations or FTO’s are defined as foreign organizations that were designated by the Secretary of State as groups that engage in terrorist activities, as well as having intentions of threatening and terrorizing regions or whole countries, including the US (Bureau of Counterterrorism, US State Department, 2012). There are currently 51 recognized and designated FTO’s around the world as of September this year, all of which are known to operate underground. While these FTO’s have various means of getting financial assistance, as well as having their own set of goals such as liberation from the current government in the home country, these groups are all known to pose large threats due to their military-like capabilities. An example of a FTO that already has a long history is the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC (Fuerzas Armada Revolucionarias de Colombia), which is one of the oldest and largest leftist groups in Latin America (Atkins, 2004). The founding leader of the group is Manuel Marulanda, and he established a group with some of his kin and separated from the state in 1949 after an uncle was killed during the civil war between liberals and conservatives. After being invaded by the army in May 1964, Marulanda and most of the members escaped and regrouped in the south, and combining his group with the Columbian Communist Party headed by Jacobo Arenas, a new group was formed, which was FARC (Atkins, 2004). The group

External Business Enviroment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

External Business Enviroment - Assignment Example De Rome (2006) describes environment as the surroundings where a person or an entity gets influenced. This means the circumstances that surround us are the environment. Same as we perceive the surroundings, the businesses gets affected the same way. Environment is very important when we discuss the nature of the business and its location. Perhaps, the environment controls businesses and can either make them profitable or else shut these off. The word external is described as any force, issue, person, or anything connected to outside, (Bradley C. Karkkainen, 1994 ; William H. Rodgers, 1994). This refers to everything that is connected with the exterior of a certain thing, is called external. External in this report, will be discussed with reference to the forces that influence a change in the business environment and its strategies. U.K. is a well stabled, prosper and a developed nation, and that's a major reason behind many businessmen who want to invest in United Kingdom. United Kingdom's environment is a business friendly and is also very welcoming to new trends, which makes the market profitable and every business find a way to the profits because of the cosmopolitan nature of the country. London is considered to be a magnet for global businesses and investors. Moreover, the European Union serves as an addition to the market of London. Businessmen just intend to enter in to the single largest market of the world, with the world leading financial services of the world. By now, it is fairly understood that how is the U.K. environment in terms of businesses, operate and why are the investors so keen to invest in the pool. Additionally, the U.K economy holds one of the highest GDPs (Gross Domestic Products) in the whole world. It is the Fifth largest economy of the world with the GDP of $2,727 billion (Source: World Bank, 2008). It means that the economy of United Kingdom is doing its very best for the investors and lenders, because in the future big amounts shall be returned as the dividend or the profit shares. It has been forecasted, that the economy of U.K. will do the best in all the European Union countries from the period of 2008 to 2012 (Source: EIU, 2008). It is because U.K. holds most of the tertiary sector and produce manufactured goods. The ideal country to invest for a business shall be U.K. It is because neither instability in the economy exists nor any fluctuations in the past years have been observed yet. Economically, U.K. is by far the best place to invest for a business in. According to the sources, the population of the United Kingdom has a figure of 61 million (ONS, 2008). It means that the population according to the area occupied by the country, is less, and as it is a centre place for investors, other families from different countries may migrate to London. In this case, families and individuals of other countries may increase the population of the country, but the native British people are just the number shown above. Discussing about the value of UK as an investment destination, we may see

Tell us about the types of housing foundation used today in terms of Essay

Tell us about the types of housing foundation used today in terms of building structure and interior design - Essay Example ce, a house built in a bad soil might require the use of a deep foundation Because of this, an individual is free to choose on the type of foundation to use. The following are some of the popular types of foundations used today: This is a type of foundation in which a concrete slab is prepared and then used as a foundation. Here, a 4-8 thick concrete slab is made on an initially prepared frost line footing then used as a base for the entire building. In this situation, the foundation is directly constructed on a place in which there is no crawlspace or basement. However, for slab foundation to be effective, it needs to be embedded with steel bars (Dearborn & Verton, 2007). These are necessary for preventing any faulting or cracking which might be experienced. Besides, it should be made after the construction of all the necessary waistlines and waterlines. Thus, it will produce a very firm and long lasting foundation for the structure. Slab foundation has become very popular with many interior designers because it is less costly. In fact, it is the cheapest of all the construction foundations. Unlike other foundations, it only requires the use of a slab. This helps in saving on the money that would otherwise be used in floor joints that are used for supporting the building. In addition, the construction of this foundation is much easier as compared to others. Once it is made, the house is directly erected on it (Nicholson, 2011). Hence, it helps in saving a lot of time during the construction process. Nevertheless, slab foundation might be undesirable to some designers and house owners because it is more expensive to maintain. For example, in case of any breakage, the entire slab might be torn a part before any reparations are made. Meaning, it is expensive to repair in case of damage. Crawlspace foundation is constructed from the outside of the house. They are raised above the ground to elevate the building to around 5 feet above the ground level. It is

Hilton Fort Lauderdale Beach Resort Research Paper

Hilton Fort Lauderdale Beach Resort - Research Paper Example The hotel is keen on environmental conservation; it has rooftop wind turbines installed on the roof to con serve energy. This made it the first hotel to win the Florida Green Lodging Destination in Fort Lauderdale. Other sustainability efforts of the hotel include cardboard and paper recycling, a food composter that is intended to turn waste food into water rich with nutrients. Services offered are ideal for all kinds of visitors; business or family. Services and amenities in this hotel include rejuvenating nail treatment, massage and facial therapy, fitness and recreation facilities, children’s activities, a business center, and convenience facilities like ATMs, elevators, and valet services (Hilton Hotels and Resort). Hilton Fort Lauderdale Beach Resort has a strict policy on smoking. Smoking is not allowed in the rooms or in public areas like corridors and balconies. There are designated areas provided for smoking purposes, which are the hotel’s main entrance. According to trip advisor, the world’s largest travel site, Hilton Fort Lauderdale Beach Resort has gained so many positive reviews that it was awarded the 2014 Trip Advisor Certificate of Excellence award. This is an award given to facilities that have gained outstanding reviews by travelers. Some of these reviews on Trip Advisor say that the place wonderful for a holiday experience. The staff is friendly and would go to a great length to entertain and make their customers comfortable (TripAdvisor). In comparison with other hotels on the same beach, their services are exemplary and have no comparison. Everything in the facility is done for the comfort of the traveler. It has a close proximity to different amenities which is what most travelers enjoy. People want to connect from one place to the next easily and get back to the hotel in time for their pleasure (TripAdvisor). It is only 1.5 miles from an upscale shopping center and the major highways are easily accessed thus any one

Tell us about the types of housing foundation used today in terms of Essay

Tell us about the types of housing foundation used today in terms of building structure and interior design - Essay Example ce, a house built in a bad soil might require the use of a deep foundation Because of this, an individual is free to choose on the type of foundation to use. The following are some of the popular types of foundations used today: This is a type of foundation in which a concrete slab is prepared and then used as a foundation. Here, a 4-8 thick concrete slab is made on an initially prepared frost line footing then used as a base for the entire building. In this situation, the foundation is directly constructed on a place in which there is no crawlspace or basement. However, for slab foundation to be effective, it needs to be embedded with steel bars (Dearborn & Verton, 2007). These are necessary for preventing any faulting or cracking which might be experienced. Besides, it should be made after the construction of all the necessary waistlines and waterlines. Thus, it will produce a very firm and long lasting foundation for the structure. Slab foundation has become very popular with many interior designers because it is less costly. In fact, it is the cheapest of all the construction foundations. Unlike other foundations, it only requires the use of a slab. This helps in saving on the money that would otherwise be used in floor joints that are used for supporting the building. In addition, the construction of this foundation is much easier as compared to others. Once it is made, the house is directly erected on it (Nicholson, 2011). Hence, it helps in saving a lot of time during the construction process. Nevertheless, slab foundation might be undesirable to some designers and house owners because it is more expensive to maintain. For example, in case of any breakage, the entire slab might be torn a part before any reparations are made. Meaning, it is expensive to repair in case of damage. Crawlspace foundation is constructed from the outside of the house. They are raised above the ground to elevate the building to around 5 feet above the ground level. It is

Social System and The Laws of the Fifth Discipline Research Paper

Social System and The Laws of the Fifth Discipline - Research Paper Example Computers formulate the basis of changes in the education system and the process actually began after their invention, especially in schools. Currently, many students including those in K-12 use sophisticated machines, in their studies. These technological advancements have introduced more sophisticated technology like the I-pad. However, it is important to note that serious implications have been evident. For instance, the learning environment keeps struggling to embrace the social implications created by speed and globalization (Brown & Diguid, 2000). Deliberate change of culture is deeply required for any learning organization. It needs to be adjusted to fit into the perceptions held by students. This would ensure that compatibility and relevance is achieved for the student’s benefits. Apparently, culture and technology collide because students only change their mode of communicating other than their mode of thinking. Computers promote this kind of change in any learning in stitution and, thus, cultural considerations need to be supported. This would be helpful in the process of abandoning old skills and instincts in favor of new ones. The technological change, thus, has been influential in creating a conflict that needs to be addressed adequately. Flattening previous formal issues requires that matters should be addressed on a wider scope, as observed by Senge (1990). Technology through computers in schools supported the application of emails and other methods that completely eliminated the round-table form of learning. This forced students to only learn in twos as opposed to group learning. In other words, the social sphere was neglected; thus, difficulties were evident (Brown & Diguid, 2000). Learning institutions that fail to embrace the spirit of the community in terms of cultivated thoughts are set to be left behind (Seely, 2003). B. Examine how the social system pushed back in the situation described above. The social system pushed back, and the process is still evident in contemporary settings. There is every need to develop software that addresses the entire social system in the issue. Simply put, the social system has been fighting back in terms of forcing the education system to embrace social software. It is, however, evident that the most appropriate social software has not been discovered over the years. Conference calls and blogs have been a huge step in the entire issue, but they have not fully addressed the social demands. The collision between social systems and the technological advancements is fostered by some form of ignorance by the responsible organizations (Brown & Diguid, 2000). Presence awareness technologies and other tools needed in tracing, analyzing, and cruising through the social systems are greatly required. This will ensure that the roundtable option of learning that was used in the past also applies today through technology. The adoption of speed and globalization has certainly surpassed the imp ortance of past systems and something must be done for the process to remain relevant. A. Of all the topics covered in chapter 4 (see the two Attachments) discuss which one(s) are the most prevalent in today's educational community. Provide a rationale for your selection. Contemporary educational atmosphere portray several laws discussed by Senge in the Fifth Discipline. Apparently, some

Jesus and Mary Essay Example for Free

Jesus and Mary Essay During the last forty years, there has been an increased desire between Catholics and other Christians to discuss the theological positions that have separated us. The Catholic Church’s teachings on Mary have been a crucial element in the discussions that have taken place. There are many hopeful signs of mutual understanding, including a new appreciation for the Scriptural and Patristic presentations of Mary, as well as the writings, homilies and hymns of the Reformers on Mary. There is a better understanding of what the Catholic Church actually teaches about Mary as well as a better appreciation by Catholics of the theological questions that are raised by other Christians regarding Mary. In this environment, scholars from different traditions have reflected upon Mary’s role as a collaborator of God in salvation history as well as her role in the Communion of Saints. One very significant effort has been that of four Lutheran, four non-Lutheran Protestants and four Catholic Biblical Scholars, which produced the book, Mary in the New Testament, (New York: Paulist, 1978). Other noteworthy ecumenical works on Mary have been: Mary for All Christians by the Anglican theologian, John Macquarrie (1990); Mary through the Centuries, lectures of the noted scholar Jaroslav Pelikan, at Yale University (1996); Mary is for Everyone, papers given at four International Congresses of the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary (1997); and Blessed One, Protestant Perspectives on Mary, edited by Beverly Roberts Gaventa and Cynthia L. Rigby. In reexamining the writings of the original Reformers, scholars have uncovered more sympathy among the Reformers regarding Mary than succeeding generations may have had, as the divisions hardened between what was Catholic and what was Protestant. Catholics and Protestants might be surprised to learn of Martin Luther’s reverence for Mary, as can be seen in his Commentary on the Magnificat, written in 1521. Between 1983 and 1990, Catholics and Lutheran theologians met to discuss the issues related to intercession, the saints and Mary. The summary of these discussions was published inThe One Mediator, the Saints, and Mary: Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue VII (1992); Since 1937, Protestant pastors and Catholic priests from France and Switzerland have conducted an ongoing dialogue on ecumenical issues. Initially, they first met at the Cistercian abbey of Notre Dame des Dombes, twenty miles north of Lyons, from which came the name of the group. Presently the group consists of twenty Lutheran or Reformed pastors and twenty Catholic priests. They are a private association, which meets yearly. Over the years, they have issued a number of documents on various theological issues. Between 1991 and 1997, they reflected on Mary’s role in salvation. The English edition of their reflections, Mary in the Plan of God and in the Communion of Saints, was printed in 2002. On February 2, 2004, a document was signed by the members of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC), entitled Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ as a statement of the commission which was then submitted to the Pontifical Commission for Promoting Christian Unity and to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Anglican Consultative Council for further study and evaluation. The document was issued on May 12, 2005, to be used for further study by the churches. It is available on the Vatican website (www.vatican.va) through the Pontifical Council for promoting Christian Unity. While much progress has been made, the efforts at dialogue need to continue. Pope John Paul II, in his Encyclical, Ut Unum Sint, has included the Church’s beliefs about Mary among the five areas where fuller study is needed before there can be consensus in faith.[1] Two of the other areas, which the Pope identifies as principle issues, also relate to Marian dogma: the relationship between Scripture and tradition as well as the role of the Magisterium in teaching and safeguarding the faith.[2] We may ask what we intend to achieve by ecumenism. Is it negotiation by which each group agrees to give up something for the good of accommodating each other? Although some people may assume that this might be the process of ecumenism, the better approach is to strive to seek God’s truth together, wanting to have â€Å"the mind of Christ.† Christian unity will come through humbly seeking the unity that already is in God.[3] Christians who accept the truths of the Trinity and Incarnation must recognize that the Eternal Word was united with human nature in Mary. Mary was the location of the union of the divine and human in the one Person, Jesus. Underlying theological issues related to Marian beliefs: The concerns of non-Catholic Christians about Mary are not related simply to the person of Mary in herself but are related to other fundamental theological truths that served as the basis for the break at the time of the Reformation. Just as there were differences among the reformers there also are differences in the theologies of the various Protestant denominations. There are several key theological concerns which enter into the discussion of Mary. Luther’s approach to the â€Å"Justification† of Mary: Luther views Mary from the perspective of his theological principles by which the human person can never be said to possess any virtuous quality other than faith in the saving power of Jesus. Luther’s teachings on Mary are part of his understanding of the role of the saints in general for him, in which the saints and Mary are examples of what God can do with weak humanity. Luther explains his understanding of Mary within his theology of justification, emphasizing grace: â€Å"Mary also freely ascribes all to Gods grace, not to her merit. For though she was without sin, yet that grace was far too great for her to deserve it in any way. How could a creature deserve to become the Mother of God?†[4] It is noteworthy that Luther speaks of her as being â€Å"without sin.† Luther rejects the notion of merit since he emphasizes that our justification is completely the work of grace. He criticizes Catholic veneration of her as exalting her and so lowering the power of grace. He stresses that Mary does not want us to make an idol of her, stressing her merit, or looking for good things from her but to honor God and have confidence in His grace. [5] The Lutherans in the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue questioned the practice of attributing virtues other than faith to holy persons based on their conviction that faith alone justifies and that Christ alone makes a person holy: â€Å"In Luthers exposition of the Magnificat, he exalts Mary because she faces her situation by faith alone. An attempt to use Mary or another Christian to extol any other virtue than faith raises the question of undermining living only by faith in Christ.†[6] Luther wrote: â€Å"I say Mary does not desire to be an idol; she does nothing, God does all.†[7] Luthers caution that our attention on Mary should not end with her but be directed to having more confidence in Gods grace may also be understood in a Catholic position. However, Catholics also ascribe all good to God, yet there is a difference in that we believe that God’s grace really changes us and enables to be cooperators with Him in doing good, always relying on His grace. The Catholic position on the way that grace works in our lives was brought out by the Council of Trent: â€Å"Justification consists not only in the forgiveness of sins but also in the sanctification and renewal of the inward being by a willing acceptance of the grace and gifts.† [8] The Council states that while God’s grace initiates and supports any good action, the person can either accept or refuse grace. [9] In 1998, Lutheran and Catholic leaders signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification seeking a greater convergence on the issues of justification. In the Lutheran tradition, God’s initiative is emphasized in justifying us while our response is that of our human freedom moved by grace.[10] If  the acceptance of justification is the first phase, a second phase follows, which is the carrying out of salvation.[11] Luther’s reflection on Mary’s purification in the temple is used by the Dombes Group to locate Mary’s good actions within the experience of being already ‘justified.’ Luther wrote: She was purified†¦although she was not bound by that law and did not need to be purified†¦. She was not justified by this work, but being righteous she did it freely and willingly. So also our works should be done, not that we may be justified by them, since, being justified beforehand by faith, we ought to so all things freely and joyfully for the sake of others.†[12] The Dombes Group seems willing to recognize Mary’s ‘cooperation,’ if it is seen within the perspective of justification by faith. It was because Mary had been justified by grace alone and in faith, that she could be associated with God’s work in Christ. Her ‘cooperation’ was unique in regard to the nature of what she did, for she was the mother of Jesus and raised him. She cooperated in the unique and universal event of salvation. But from the point of view of structure of her status, her ‘cooperation’ was not different from that of every person justified by grace. It was entirely the fruit of the grace of God.[13] As Catholics, we would emphasize both the grace of God in a good action as well as human freedom acting as it is aided by grace. Our cooperation is never separate from God’s help. Issue of human cooperation with God: Karl Barth, from the Reformed or Calvinist perspective, identifies the Catholic teachings on Mary as the prime example of Catholic principle on which â€Å"all their important positions are to be regarded and by which they stand and fall.† Reformed theology emphasizes the principle, sola gratia. According to  Barth, the Catholic teaching on Mary exalts human cooperation: In the doctrine and worship of Mary there is disclosed the one heresy of the Roman Catholic Church which explains all the rest. The mother of God of Roman Catholic Marian dogma is quite simply the principle, type, and essence of the human creature co-operating servantlike (ministerialiter) in its own redemption on the basis of prevenient grace, and to that extent the principle, type and essence of the Church. [14] Barth has accurately noted the relationship Catholics affirm in comparing Mary and the Church, since both the Church and Mary demonstrate creaturely co-operation with grace. He criticizes these Catholic positions on â€Å"creaturely co-operation† which is also related to the role of the church in cooperating with God: Not only does it need Christ, but in all seriousness Christ also needs it. As Mary inevitably co-operates in mans redemption as an intercessory power so does the Church in consummating the sacraments. the Church of the man who co-operates with grace on the basis of grace.[15] In fact, Barth has very accurately identified a fundamental Catholic principle that we cooperate with God. Barth objects to the notion not only of cooperation in good works but also of merit. Actually, the Catholic position is nuanced, taking human cooperation seriously enough to consider that our works are meritorious. Nevertheless, human cooperation has to be seen within the context of the Church’s teachings on the importance of grace in every good work, as Thomas Aquinas explains: â€Å"Man obtains from God as a reward of his operation, what God gave him the power of operation for†[16] John Macquarrie, an Anglican theologian, questions Barths objections by noting that even though ultimately salvation is the work of God, the human person is not a puppet or clay to be molded. As Macquarrie points out, the Marian teaching on the Immaculate Conception, is a clear illustration of salvation as a work of God’s grace since the one being conceived can only receive. Macquarrie points out that during her life Mary had the freedom to respond or not respond to God’s grace: Now it is the human consent and co-operation with God in the work of salvation that come to expression in the career of Mary. Not for a moment can one deny (or would one want to deny) that salvation is from God and is a work of grace, but God does not force His gifts upon us and we can become His covenant partners only if we give our glad and willing assent. [17] As Catholics, we believe, that a woman was preserved from sin by grace, and responded by faith and obedience aided by grace in co-operating in the birth and upbringing of the Son of God. She was made holy by grace but she also freely responded to that grace. As the analogy of Eve/Mary illustrates, Mary’s cooperation was not passive but active. The Dombes Group identified ‘human co-operation’ as an important theological issue. They saw Mary’s cooperation within her relation with the Three Persons of the Trinity: Mary’s ‘cooperation’ is the fruit of an initiative of the Father who looks upon the lowliness of his servant’ (Luke 1:48). It also the fruit of the ‘kenosis’ of the Son who ‘emptied himself†¦and humbled himself’ (Phil 2:7-8). Finally, it is the fruit of the action of the Spirit, who disposes Mary’s heart to be obedient. That is what happened at the moment of her fiat. Mary’s humility is the fruit of the Son’s humility.[18] Intercession: Luther recognizes intercession made to Mary: We ought to call upon her, that for her sake God may grant and do what we request. Thus also all other saints are to be invoked, so that the work may be every way Gods alone.[19] In fact, Luther begins the same homily, asking God to grant him a right understanding: â€Å"†¦through the intercession and for the sake of His dear Mother Mary!†[20] Nevertheless, Luther asserts that we cannot rely on the intercession of another person, â€Å"base your salvation on no other works than those God works in you alone, as you see the Virgin Mary do here. To let the intercessions of others assist you in this is right and proper; we ought all to pray and work for one another. But no one should depend on the works of others, without the works of God in himself.†[21] The Lutheran theologians who took part in the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue expressed their concern regarding the invocations of the saints and of Mary, which they see as a challenge to the sole mediatorship of Christ, through whom God pours out grace in the Holy Spirit and the â€Å"justifying faith† of the believer.[22] The Lutheran members could accept the saints as examples of Christian life and faith. The Lutherans believe that angels and saints pray for us within the context of Jesus as the one mediator. [23] The Catholic participants in the Lutheran-Catholic Dialogue asserted that the mediation of Mary does not mean that Mary is a source of grace in herself but rather her merciful love is an â€Å"expression and reflection of the mercy of Christ himself.† [24] The Catholic members addressed the question of intercession by saying that Jesus â€Å"is never alone† but is always in the company of His friends, living and dead. Saints illustrate how God’s grace can work in us, they are patterns of holiness and they pray for us. In the Catholic view, we are bonded with millions of other believers throughout the world and throughout time. Those who have preceded us in faith are still connected with us.[25] Catholics see the practice of invoking the saints as an extension of the New Testament practice of intercession (Rom 15:30-32; 2 Cor 1:11; Eph 4:19; Col 4:3) and of the prayer of the righteous (Jas 5:16). Those in heaven have a heightened charity towards those on earth. Marys intercession has exception power because of her divine motherhood. It was recognized that â€Å"prayer† was being used in a broad sense when  directed to Mary and the saints. Protestants had no difficulty with â€Å"praise’ directed to God for the works God has done in Mary. This could even be seen as being done with Mary. For Catholics, intercession was seen as a form of communion. Catholics recognized there have been excesses in Marian piety, which have not been curbed by the Church’s leaders. Nevertheless, the most frequent invocation is to ask Mary to â€Å"pray for us, † in a similar way as the saints are asked to pray for us.[26] Catholics and Protestants agreed that Mary should be honored and God should be praised for the graces given to her. She should be imitated and we should unite ourselves in praising the Father through her. The Protestants were reluctant to invoke her whereas Catholics entrust themselves to her prayers.[27] The Anglican-Catholic Dialogue acknowledged that the English Reformers rejected the notion of the invocation of saints yet the Council of Trent reaffirmed it, emphasizing as it did so that such requests were made to God, â€Å"through his Son our Lord Jesus Christ, who is our sole redeemer and savior† (DS 1821).[28] The Anglican-Catholic document recognized that all ministries in the church, especially those of word and sacrament, mediate the grace of God through human beings. These ministries serve the mediation of Christ and have their power in it. Asking prayers of our brothers and sisters does not diminish the mediatorship of Christ but shows its power through the Spirit.[29] In the experience of communion of prayer, we are aware of the support of those living and dead. With this understanding, it seems that asking saints for prayers is not to be seen as â€Å"unscriptural,† although not directly taught by the scriptures as a required element. Our prayers are not addressed to the saints, but they are asked to pray for us, though this should not be done in a manner that blurs the Trinitarian economy of grace.[30] The authors of the Anglican-Catholic document state: â€Å"Affirming  together unambiguously Christ’s unique mediation, which bears fruit in the life of the Church, we do not consider the practice of asking Mary and the saints to pray for us as communion dividing.†[31]

The Social Problem: Cyber Bullying

The Social Problem: Cyber Bullying Amanda Todd was a teenager that committed suicide because she got cyber bullied. In 7th grade Amanda used to video chat on the internet with new people to hope to make new friends and she got compliment on her looks. Amanda did not realize that talking to someone she does not know is sometimes not so good. One day she was talking to a stranger. She did not know him and hoped to become friends with him. Well she did not realize that she was talking to a cyber-bully. He asked her to show her breast. A couple hours later the creeper black emailed Amanda and said he will publish those pictures in the internet unless she gives him a show. During a Christmas break the police told her that the pictures of her were found on the internet. She was really depressed so she started to use drugs and alcohol and her family moved to a new home. But the stranger knew that she was moving so he sent people of her new school the pictures to the students. So she changed school again. Her old guy friend u sed Amanda for sex while he is within a relationship with another girl. His girlfriend found out and she and a group of other people just beat her up. After the attack decided to committed suicide by drinking bleach but she was rushed to next hospital to get her stomach pumped. While she was in the hospital people were making fun of her failed suicide attempt on Facebook and other social networks. So Todd moved to another school and hoped to restart her life. But her past was not forgotten. People from her old school kept on teasing her on Facebook for 6 more months after she left. Amanda had to go to the hospital because of depression for two days. On her new school students teased her for her bad grades and for going to the hospital for her depressions. Amanda could not take it anymore and posted a video on YouTube of her holding flashcards about her life and depression and showed her arm which had several cuts on it. Amanda Todd was found hanged in her room on October 10th 2012. (Wikipedia) Cyber bullying can ruin somebodys life like Amandas life. She was just a girl who wants to meet new friends with him. But she talked to the wrong guy and she ended up being depressed and committed suicide. This could happen to anybody on this world, because they are tons of people who use Facebook or other social networks to stalk people. In my paper I am going to write about what cyber bullying actually is, how you can stop it, and why people do it. Well what is cyber bullying? Most of the people think it is just teenager just making fun of other people on the internet. It is true that teenagers are making fun of other teenager but there is more about it. The web page stopcyberbullying.org says cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. (STOPcyberbullying) Internet has become a big influence in our daily life. We use it to shop, to look up information, play online-video games or listen to music. Even our phones have internet now. One of the main reason we use it though is to communicate and meet new friends on social networks like Facebook or Twitter. Zuckerberg announced that they are 500 million daily active users (Protalinski, zdnet.com). Cyberbullying is probably the worst to bully someone. Not only students from their own school will humiliated, embarrassed and many other things that person. Every single teenager or adult could make fun of her or him if they wanted too. To be bullied and alienated from the whole word is not the greatest feeling. It is depressing and the victims feel like that everybody hates them. But they do not only get bullied on the internet. Most of them also get bullied in person and not only on the internet. On October 7, 2006 Ryan Patrick Halligan committed suicide. He was bullied and cyber bullied. Ryan was a sweet, gentle and lanky thirteen year old fumbling his way through early adolescence and trying to establish his place in the often confusing and difficult social world of middle school. His parents said he had the magic ability to bring a smile to anyone that looked his way. Seems like Ryan is great kid and want nothing bad for nobody else. But no human is perfect neither is Ryan. He had problems with his speech, language and motor skills and needed special education from pre-school until fourth grade. The special education team loved Ryan because of his sense of humor. Eventually Ryan had go back to school and knew that he was not academically strong like his class mates are. It bothered him that he is not like his classmates are. One day Ryan thought he finally met a girl that actually likes him. So they started to message each other and having deep conversations and Ryan start ing to like her a lot. The thing is that he did not know that girl just played him for her and her friends amusement. She showed her friends the messages he sent her and the girls just start humiliating and embarrassing him. They called him a loser and other names because of problem with speaking and reading and writing. Ryan could not take it anymore and committed suicide on the October 7, 2006. (Halligan, Ryans story) His parents were so upset about their sons lost; they wanted everybody to know about Ryans story. So they made a web page and travelled from school to school to tell the children about how giving somebody names for and making fun of someone can hurt the victims really bad and make them have thoughts about killing their self. Why do people bully other people on the internet or even person when it is obvious that it hurts them? There are actually two main reasons for teenagers to bully other people. One of them is when somebody is famous and popular at school. They might bully to stay popular. The other students think since the popular kid is doing it they also should start bullying the victim. So the popular teenager has the whole school against one person. Hurting other people make them more powerful. The other reason is someone who is less socially successful and wants to be accepted by their peers and cliques. They do not get enough respect from somebody else. So by bullying somebody they are hoping that they will get the respect from others. Also they do not really understand the victim feels when he gets bullied and is just hoping that he or she is not the next one. (Delete cyberbullying) There are other reasons like a student has a problem with his parents so they let their anger out on other students, or that they are depressed because they cannot get what they want. The main reason why they bully is because they want to make them feel better about their self. And it is even easier to cyber bully. You can humiliate somebody on the internet without knowing who the bully is. People make fake accounts or post videos about someone and can be totally animus about it and the whole internet can see it. Here is another example. A beautiful 17 year old girl goes to a high school in a big city and has friends and actually has no problems at school. Well one night she made a bad choice. She went to a high school party. She saw her friends drinking alcohol so out of peer pressure she drinks too. Everything seems to be fine but then she met this guy on that party. He knew that she was drunk so he used her. That girl loses her virginity on that night and some people knew about it. A Couple weeks later the girl finds out that she is pregnant. She gets called bad names at school and everybody is making fun of her. When she comes back from school she starts crying in her room and just wishes that she never even went to that party. Later when she was on the internet she saw people posting a video. In that video a girl was wearing her mask with the face of her and she put stuff under her shirt to look pregnant. The girl on the video says hey my name Elizabeth smith and Im so drunk. Does someon e wants to have some fun with me? the girl just breaks apart and cried for hours and does not come to school anymore because she knows that people will talk bad about her. She saw on Facebook how everybody calls her a slut and other names. So she thinks to commit suicide because she does not see a future in her life. Everybody knows her name and story because it is all over Facebook and other social networks. No matter what she does or goes people will embarrass her about the bad choice she made and call her names. This story is just made up but what it does not mean it could happen in real life. Or maybe it already has. It could happen so easy. How can you stop cyber bullying then? What can you do to avoid things like in cases of Amanda or Ryan or even the story above? One thing you can do is ignore it. If somebody says how ugly or stupid you look on a picture on Facebook then you should just ignore it. Cyber bullies want to grab your attention and they want you to think you are ugly or fat or stupid. If the bully still comments bad things about you then you should talk to someone like a friend or adult and show them what the bully has been saying about you. Ask for their advice and help. Maybe they can talk to the bully and tell him or her to stop. If possible cut the communication with the bully. Delete and block his number and block him from your social networks account. What also may help is if you report the bully on that web site so he might get kicked out. If none of the above helps and he keeps on bullying then you should talk to the police about it. (Delete cyberbullying) Here are the things you should not do. You should never come to the bullys level and try to talk bad about him because that is what he wants. The bully will always find something against you. Also do not forward messages from the bully. It could make the problem worse because you never know how far an email chain can go. One big mistake some victims do is believing the bully and thinking it is true what he says about you. The bully just wants to break your self-esteem. (Delete cyberbullying) It is really important to do the right thing if you are in situation like that. If you do not do anything about it and just take the attacks from someone like that, then you might end up being depressed and do not feel like it is important to live anymore since everybody hates you. What is difference between cyber bullying than just normal bullying? Why is cyber bully so more dangerous? The difference is not only that cyber bully is on the internet or on the cell phone; there is a lot more behind it. Real life bullying usually end when school ends but cyber bullying continues and does not stop. One big factor why it is so dangerous is the anonymity. Now it is a lot easier to be anonym on the internet. Everybody can make an email account and then create a fake account on YouTube, Facebook, twitter and many more. If you a person bullies in person well everybody knows him and in the worst scenario parents can do something about it. But what do you if you have no clue who the bully is? Also it makes it easier for the bully to say things to the victim per message than talk in person and say it in his face. Also once something really embarrassing for the victim is on the internet; it will stay in other peoples mind forever and will not forget about it so easy. Best e xample is Tyler Clementi. He got caught on video by his friends having sex with an older man. Tyler could not hold the stress anymore so he jumped off a bridge and died. So once it gets on public the whole world knows about it. This is another factor that makes cyber bully so dangerous. (Delete cyberbully) So what are the effects of cyber bullying? How bad has it become? 2 13 million 17 year olds were victims of cyber bullying. 8 percent of them affected by cyber bullying try to commit suicide. (Chacha) Those are only the facts about one age group. The movie Cyberbully is probably a good way to show cyber bullying. Taylor Hillridge a teenage girl iss a cyber-bullying victim and the cost it nearly takes on her and her family. Taylor is a pretty 17-year-old high school student but she is a little awkward, and she knows it. When her mom gives her a computer for her birthday, Taylor is excited by the prospect of freedom and the independence of going online without her mother always looking over her shoulder. Taylor soon finds herself the victim of bullying on a social website, and afraid to face her peers at school, including her best friend, she is pushed to a breaking point. Its only after this life-changing event that Taylor learns that she is not alone meeting other teens, including a classmate, who has had similar experiences. Taylors mom, Kris, reels from the incident and takes on the school system and state legislation to help prevent others from going through the same harrowing ordeal as her daughter. The movie is not a true story. ABC made that movie to show people what cyber bullying is and what it can do to people. It is a warning to people and they were hoping that by making the movie that at least some people stop it. Nearly 43% of kids have been bullied online. 1 in 4 has had it happen more than once. Almost half of American teens and kids have been cyber bullied and to some people it has happened more than once. It gets worse. 70% of students report seeing frequent bullying online. If so many people see cyber bullying, why dont they do something about it? Why cant just anybody tell the bully to stop because he is hurting the victims feelings? The answer is because they are too scared to get also bullied because he is helping the victim. So the bystander just watches how one person ruins the other persons life. The best thing about it is that 68% teens agree that cyber bullying is a serious problem but they dont do anything about it. But there are people who tell bullies to stop. 90% of teens who have seen social-media bullying say they have ignored it. 84% have seen others tell cyber bullies to stop. (Dosomething.org). It is obvious that cyber bullying is a big problem. Most people are too scared to help or stop it because they do not want to become the next victim and the victims dont ask for help because they dont want to make it worse. Only 1 in 10 victims will inform a parent or trusted adult of their abuse. But a lot of people are bullying. 54% teens admit that have bullied some online or through text message or said something that hurt the victims feelings. Since the victims are sometimes too scared to tell their own parents. How do you know that your own child is getting cyber bullied? There some symptoms. One of them is that maybe your child acts differently and does not is own routine anymore like waking up too late or too early, sleep longer or less, or the teen does not want to hang out with his friends so much anymore. Also if the parents know that their kid is being bullied at school could be a sign of cyber bullying because like above bullies dont just stop bullying when school is over. Nowadays most kids have phones and internet and have Facebook or twitter account. So they can harass the victim 24/7. Another sign is low-esteem. If the parents or teacher see that the kid has low-esteem and he thinks bad about them self the whole time, then the parents should start thinking about what is wrong with their child. When the teenager gets really aggressive all off sudden is also a sign. One other symptom is low grades. The victim los es focus on school and his grades are getting worse. (Cyberbullyingfacts) Of course there are more signs and symptom for cyber bullying. Like use of alcohol and drugs, skipping school, depression. But those are the main once. Parents need to make sure that their children can trust you with anything and then they will open up to you and tell what their problem is. Over all cyber bullying became a big problem in America and other countries. It hurts people and makes them feel bad about them self and it is the worst way to harass and humiliate somebody. Even celebrities notice it or had experience of it. Demi Lovato was cyber bullied in middle school. People were harassing her in middle school. Demi created a web page that helps teens who have problem with cyber bullying. But also other famous people are against it and helping. Cyber bullying can get so bad that some teenager get depressed and sometimes kill them self because they dont see an end in this. There is not much you can do about it because of the anonymity in the internet. But there are some things a victim and friends and adults can do to help the victim and to stop the cyber bullying. The victim can block the bully and ignore the harassment. Friends can help them by telling the bully to stop and that their friend is not what the bully tells him. Parents, teachers and other adults ca n tell the bully to stop and threating him with telling the police about his bullying. Those are the main points of stopping it. But people are actually need to do it and dont be scared of the consequences if they tell an adult or a friend for help. If they dont do anything about it early then it might be too late and the victim has already thoughts of suicide or other things. Words can hurt more than physical bullying because bruises from a fight will stay wont last long but those words stays in the victims mind for a long time. Work cited 11 Facts About Cyber Bullying. Do Something. 26 Jan. 2013 . Amanda Todd. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. How Many People Die Because of Cyber Bullying? Questions Answers. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Delete Cyberbullying. Why Do People Cyberbully? N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. Latest PostsCyber Bullying Facts. Cyber Bullying Facts. 26 Jan. 2013 . Ryans Story. Ryans Story Presentation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. STOP Cyberbullying: What Is Cyberbullying, Exactly? STOP Cyberbullying: What Is Cyberbullying, Exactly? N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Zuckerberg: 500 Million Daily Active Users on Facebook. ZDNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013.

Edification or False Idolatry in Emersons The American Scholar :: Emerson American Scholar Essays

Edification or False Idolatry in Emerson's The American Scholar  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Commencement speeches are customarily routine, pedantic, platitude filled, mildly inspiring lectures.   This description, however, was never applied to Ralph Waldo Emerson's oration, "The American Scholar," delivered to the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Harvard in 1837.   Oliver Wendell Holmes called this speech America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence."   In addition to being a call for literary independence from Europe and past traditions, the speech was a blueprint for how humans should live their lives.   Emerson believed that the way to reunite with the Over-Soul was to become "The American Scholar."   He would do this by observing nature, by studying the past through books, and by taking action.   To become a scholar, humans also needed to develop self trust, espouse freedom and bravery, and value the individual over the masses.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Because this speech is so pregnant with discussion topics, an intrinsic part of the blueprint   may not catch the reader's attention or receive the analysis it deserves.   It delivers a message that contemporary humans still need to receive.   The startling, heretical admonition not to worship or make false idols of books and other objects of art, given in Emerson's "The American Scholar," demonstrates his belief in the vital necessity for self-reliance and active, creative reading and writing.   When he exhorts us to live as a scholar, as "Man Thinking," rather than "a mere thinker, or, still worse, the parrot of other men's thinking" (1530), he is cautioning us against the false idolatry of book or Bible worship.  Ã‚   When Emerson introduces the second great influence on the spirit of the scholar, he at first praises books.   He expounds on "the mind of the Past,--in whatever form, whether of literature, of art, of institutions, that mind is inscribed.   Books are the best type of the influence of the past" (1532).   Emerson is saying that books are the best vehicle available to the scholar for studying the ideas and accomplishments of past men and ages.   But after affirming that "the theory of books is noble" (1532) and presenting an idealized way of reading and reusing books from past ages by which "business" and "dead facts" come out as "poetry" and "quick thought" when read and rewritten in a new age, Emerson   begins to show doubts that reuse is possible and states that "Each age, it is found, must   write its own books; or rather each generation for the next succeeding.

Impact of Social Networking Sites on First Year Multimedia Arts Program

Introduction Today, young people around the world have been using social networking sites with their own different purposes. The main purpose of social networking sites is communication. It is likely believed that social networking sites have greatly improved communication especially for people who have their loved ones abroad. Some people spend most of their time on social networking sites, specifically Facebook and Twitter. Studies show that most young people or teenagers are addicted to these social networking sites. Needless to say, it is not healthy to spend most of our time on social networking sites, especially for teenagers who are supposedly using their time to study. As Coyne (2010) mentions in his research paper â€Å"It’s hard for most college students to remember a time before social networks. Half of Facebook’s 500 million users will log-in on any given day. On the same day 65 million tweets are sent. The last 10 years have witnessed major advancements in global commu nication. It appears fiction has become a reality.† Social networking sites can also affect social behavior. It can either improve or hinder an individual’s social behavior. In the Philippines, where most teenagers use social networking sites, such as Facebook covered 12 percent of all active users according to statistics. Most of these teenagers are dependent on social networking sites in engaging any kind of relationship with someone. It is often that an individual would be socially awkward in public if he/she is dependent on social networking sites and reluctant to personal interaction. Regardless of being so dependent on social networking sites, this may also improve an individual’s relationship with one another. As said by Boyd (2007), internet... ...ocial Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1) Coyne, E. (2010). http://ecoyne.blogspot.com/ Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Social network analysis: An approach and technique for the study of information exchange. Library and Infor ¬mation Science Research, 18, 323-342. Kuppuswamy and Shankar. (2012). http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jul07/reid_grey.shtml Ruffes, V. (2010). http://jhands.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/social-networking-research- paper/ Sundà ©n, (2003). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 13(1) Trusov, M., Bucklin, R.E., Pauwels, K. (2009). http://www.emeraldinsight.com/bibliographic_databases.htm?id=1819982 Wiley and Sisson (2006). http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1279&context=gradco nf_hospitality

African Society

This study seek to highlight why some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior. This case study analysis individual unit ( e.g a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to the study. The case study is common in social sciences and life sciences. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The later type is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. They maybe prospective, in which criteria are established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they become available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historical records for including in the study. It also highlight how a belief in ancestors related to behavior (e.g overlooking ancestral directives, there by getting cursed and how some one blamed the behavior of some people on the names they were given from birth. The assertion that the person's behavior after which a child was named determined the behavior of the person who bore the name afterwards. And the extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study. Furthermore, this case study analyze the validity that behavior is a matter of tradition (e.g up bring of children by parents. DEFINATION According to Thomas (2011) â€Å"case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame- an object- within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates† Silverman (2005) reveals that, rather than using samples following a rigid protocol (strict set of rules) to examine limited number of valuables, case study methods involve an in- depth, longitudinal (over a long period of time) examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypothesis. According to Lamneck (2005) another suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within it's real- life context. Case study research means single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single- subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from qualitative case- study data. This also supported and well formulated in (Lamneck, 2005): â€Å"the case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodological paradigms†. The case study is sometimes mistaken for the case method, but the two are not the same. Generalizing From case studies Kyekye (1996) states that, a critical case can be defined as having strategic importance in relation to the general problem (e.g like in Mwense district research where some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior) A critical case allows the following type of generalization, ‘if it is valid for this case, it is valid for all (or many) cases.' In it's negative form, the generalization would be, ‘if it is not valid in this case, then it is not valid for any (or only few) cases.'( Lamnek, 2005). According to Karl popper, the case study is also effective for generalizing using the type of test called falsification, which forms part of critical reflexivity. Falsification is one of the most rigorous tests to which a scientific proposition can be subjected: if just one observation does not fit with the proposition it is considered not valid generally and must therefore be either revised or rejected. Popper him self used the now famous example, â€Å"All swans are white, and proposed that just one observation of a single black swan would falsify this proposition and this way have general significance and stimulate further investigations and theory- building. The case study is well suited for identifying â€Å"black swans† because of it's in- depth approach: what appear to be â€Å"white† often turns on closer examination to be â€Å"black† By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow generalization (Flyrbjerg, 200 6, P. 225-6). Misunderstandings about case study Research According to Flyrbjerg (2006) identifies and corrects five prevalent misunderstanding about case study research: > General, theoretical Knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical knowledge. > One cannot generalize on the basis of an individual case and, therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. > The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. > The case study contains a bias towards verification, i.e, a tendency to comfirm the researcher's preconceived notions. > It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies.(Osei, 1971). According to a research which was conducted in Mwense district some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior and to add value to the case study: > In the first stage of alcoholism, drinking was no longer social but became a means of emotional escape from problems, inhibitions, anxiety, and in many instances, from realities of life. Stated in another way, early in the disease problem drinkers starts to depend on the mood altering capabilities of alcohol consumption. Also at this stage of alcoholism, a gradual increase in tolerance develops, meaning that increasing amounts of alcohol are needed in order for the problem drinker to â€Å"feel the buzz† or to â€Å"get high†.(Flyvbjerg, 2006). Furthermore, it is common for people with a drinking problem in the first stage of alcoholism to quickly drink a few alcoholic beverage before attending social functions and to increase social drinking to 3 to 5 drinks per day. Obviously, it can be determined that such behavior will eventually result in a host of drinking problems. > In the second stage of alcoholism, the need to drink becomes more intense. During this stage of the disease, the individual with the drinking problem frequently starts to drink earlier in the day.(Lamnek, 2005) As tolerance increases, moreover, the person drinks because of dependence on alcohol, rather than because of emotional and psychological stress and anxiety relief. During this stage, loss of control does not yet happen on a regular basis; it is however, gradually observed by others such as neighbors, co- workers, relatives, friends, and family members. > In the third stage of alcoholism, the loss of control becomes more pronounced and more problematic. This means that the problem drinker is usually unable to drink according to his or her intentions. for example, once the person takes the first drink, he or she can no longer control what will happen, even though the intention might have been to have one or two drinks. During this stage of the disease, most problem drinkers start to experience serious alcohol- related, financial, employment, legal, and relationship problems.(Robert, 1970). > The fourth and final stage of alcoholism is characterized by a chronic loss of control. In the earlier stages of the disease, the alcoholic may have been successful in maintaining a job. Now, however, drinking starts earlier in the day and usually continues throughout the day. Few, if any, full- time work positions, however, can be maintained once an individual has reached this state of affairs.(Thomas,2011). Classic Alcoholic Behavior The term â€Å"alcoholism† means the same thing as â€Å"alcohol dependence,† â€Å"alcohol addiction, â€Å"and â€Å"alcohol dependence.† Hence, some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior in Mwense district because of the information articulated above, it is clear that the four stages of classic alcoholic behavior do not point a pretty picture of the sad realities and the drinking problems that most chronic alcoholics experience in Mwanse district. In fact, it is clear that as the disease progresses, so do the drinking problems that are experienced by the alcoholic. Perhaps the damaging and unhealthy consequences of this disease might not make much of an impact on those who are already alcohol dependant. It is hoped, however, that exposing the facts about this disease to our youth before they start abusing alcohol will prevent many of the teens from suffering the grim fate of most alcoholics. Belief In Ancestors Relates To Behavior A belief is a degree of certainty we have that something is true. Our core beliefs are often based on the beliefs of other people we unconsciously accepted as true when we were too young to decide if the person's belief really served us.(Osei, 1971). Hence, ancestral belief refers to a generalized belief about the amount of control people have over their own lives. Individuals who feel that they are very much in charge of their won destiny have an internal locus of control; those who think that events in their life are due mainly to fate/luck or powerful others have an external locus of control. Locus of control is a generalized belief, so people with an external locus can feel in control in familiar situations. (Steven L. Mcshane et al. 2005). Moreover, from the research, we have suggested that perception of people and events is organized into categories. How this is done depends partly on sensation, partly on the principles of perception, and partly on the nature of the individual. Another fact of the individual is the set of attitudes that he/she holds. Attitudes are, essentially, â€Å"feelings† towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception. However, to try to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and concepts such as â€Å"feelings† and â€Å"beliefs† Fishbein (1967) put forward the following hierarchical model Beliefs What we think about people, things, relationship e.t.c Attitudes Affective responses to those people, things, relationships e.t.c Intentions Cognitive states Behavior or Action Observable events The Theory of Nature/Reflected In The Case Study The extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study refers to the personality. Personality defined as the pattern of relatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks and behaves. Fincham R. describes personality as the relatively enduring combination of traits which makes an individual unique and at the same time produces consistencies in his or her thought and behavior. A similar definition Rollision Derk defines personality as, ‘those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictors concerning his/her future behavior. (Rollison D., 1998). A complementary definition, Robbins Stephen defines personality as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioral tendencies. Hence, we say that personality explains behavioral tendencies because individuals' actions are not perfectly consistent with their personality profile in every situation. Personality traits are less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems and other conditions contrain behavior. Traits may be defined as individual characteristics of thought or feeling that result in tendencies to have in specific ways. Also traits may be defined as enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior. The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently important that trait is in describing an individual. Traits can additionally be grouped to form personality types. Traits may be grouped into groups namely; surface traits and source traits. Surface traits for example assertiveness, can be observed in behavior while, source traits such as self- discipline can be inferred.(Rollinson, D. et ,1998). Behavior And Tradition According to Robert (1970) refer human behavior as a range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethies, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and/or genetics. Hence, the behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior in general is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and thus is the most basic human action. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is the more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and regulated by various means of social control. In addition, the behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology. Factors affecting human behavior and actions Mcshane et al (2005) states five factors as below: * Genetics (see also evolutionary psychology) – affects and governs the individual's tendencies towards certain directions. * Attitude – the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question. * Social norms – the influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or not perform a certain behavior. * Perceived behavioral control – the individual's belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be. * Core faith – the person's set of beliefs, like religion, philosophy, e.t.c provided sometimes subconsciously, by his or her family, peers, social media, and the society where he or she lives. > Social Factors Factors that influence behavior or personality that arise from interacting with other people; early socialization, which consists in interaction with parents, siblings and peers has an effect on the way we act and think. The behaviorist school of psychology which views all human as environmentally determined refer to personality as just accumulated learning experiences (skinner, 1974). Much of personality comes through learning and so childhood experiences are paramount to the unfolding of personality. > Cultural Factors According to Kyekye (1996) a wider social beliefs, values and motives that are absorbed by an individual and guide behavior towards that which is acceptable within a particular social context; when high value is placed on achievement and individualism in a certain society, we will find that this may affect individual personality in instilling a trait of ‘the need to achieve'.(Shutte, 1993). > Situational Factors According to Osei (1971) this refers to the effect of a specific experience or situation on a person's feelings and behavior. And individual's personality, while generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations call forth different aspects of one's personality. Situations like church, tradition, a picnic in a picnic in a park do affect behavior differently. Examples here may be trauma of losing a parent or loved one. Certain situation can bring out unrecognized aspects of personality we have never been aware of. Personality development is an ongoing process, but to some degree personalities can be deemed as stable.(Senghor, 1963). According to Gyekye (1998), regard concepts of the individual and self to be almost totally dependant on and subordinate to social entities and cultural process. Kenya theology professor John S. Miti (1969 and 1992), for example, believes that individual has little latitude for self determination outside the context of the traditional African family and community. He writes: â€Å"whatever happens to the individual happens to the whole group, and whatever happens to the whole group happens to the individual. The individual can only say: â€Å"I am, because we are; and since we are, therefore I am.' This is a cardinal point in the understanding of the African view of man† (1969: 109). Furthermore, Ghanaian philosopher Gyekye (1998), the individual, although originating from and inextricably bound to his family and community, nevertheless possesses a clear concept of himself as a distinct person of volition. It is from this combined sense of personhood and communal membership that the family and community except individuals to take personality enhancing and socially responsible decisions. Although he accepts the dominant entity of African social order is the community, Gyekye believes â€Å"it would be more correct to describe that order as amphibious, for it manifests features of both community and individuality. African social thought seeks to avoid the excesses of the two exaggerated systems, while allowing for a meaningful albeit uneasy, interaction between the individual and the society (1988:31-32) According to senegales philosopher Leopold senghor (1966) regards tradition African society to be â€Å"based both on the community and on the person in which, because it was founded on dialogue and reciprocity, the group had priority over the individual without crushing him, but allowing to blossom as a person† (1966:5). According to South African philosophy professor Shutte (1993), citing the Xhosa proverb umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person through persons), writes: This (proverb) is the xhosa expression of a notion that is common all African languages and traditional cultures. It is concerned both with the peculiar interdependence of persons on others for the exercise, development and fulfillment of their powers that is recognized in African traditional thought, and also with the understanding of what it is to be a person that underlies this. In European philosophy of whatever kind, the self is always envisaged as something â€Å"inside† a person, or at least as a kind of container of mental properties and powers. In African thought it is seen as â€Å"outside† subsisting in relationship to what is other, the natural and social environment. According to Ghananian historian Osei (1971) believes that Africa should chart it's future from it's indigenous cultural traditions and adopt only those aspects of no- Africa cultures that are compatible with Africa's needs, goals and circumstances namely, a scientific perspective and western educational practices. Taking a broader perspective, Thairu (1975) argues for a future of greater regional integration through educational and cultural exchanges within and between African nations. This, he says, will bring into the open pan- Africa cultural similarities, promote more widespread understanding and tolerance on the continent, and contribute to greater overall African unit philosopher Gyekye (1998) shares much of Nyasani, Makgoba and Thairu concern over Africans too often for saking Indigenous African values and their wholesale and uncritical adoption. According to Gyekye (1996) abhors the fact that ancestors continue to be of paramount importance in modern and traditional African life. He also recommends that for Africa to progress scientifically and technologically, â€Å"science should be rescued from the morass of (traditional) African religious and mystical beliefs.† Gyekye insists there are main â€Å"cultural values and practices of traditional Africa that can be considered positive features of the culture and can be accommodated in the scheme of African modernity, even if they undergo some refinement and pruning to become fully harmonious with the spirit of modern culture and to function†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. satisfactorily within that culture â€Å"(ibid). he discusses these traditional African values at length under the humanity, brotherhood, communalism and individualism, morality, the family economic system, chief ship and politics, human rights, knowledge and wisdom, aesthetics. CONCLUSION It is clear from the foregoing study that behavior is affected by numerous factors as discussed in this paper. Among the factors are ancestral directives, alcohol, belief, culture, emotions values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion, genetics, attitudes, situational e.t.c.